فكرة الزمان والمكان وعلاقتها بالقضاء والقدر عند محمد إقبال

Abstract

The concepts of time and space have been central to philosophical discourse, raising continuous questions about their nature, relation to human existence, and connection to fate and destiny. From ancient Greek philosophy, which considered time and space either as illusions or as mere frameworks for existence, to Islamic philosophy, which sought a balance between rational thought and faith, these ideas have evolved significantly. In this context, Muhammad Iqbal presents a novel perspective, viewing time and space as dynamic dimensions closely tied to the continuous process of creation and spiritual evolution. Iqbal argues that fate is not an external deterministic force but rather a set of potentialities inherent within things, which unfold gradually over time. He critiques the traditional interpretations of fate and destiny, asserting that these interpretations led to intellectual stagnation and a misrepresentation of their true Quranic essence. While many perceive destiny as absolute determinism, Iqbal redefines it through the lens of time, emphasizing that the future is not preordained but rather open to human creativity and interaction with the universe’s laws. This study explores Iqbal’s understanding of time and space and their link to fate and destiny, comparing his views with Muslim and Western philosophers. It highlights his critique of classical ideas and his attempt to present a new vision of time as a free and creative movement, reinforcing human responsibility in shaping the future rather than surrendering to absolute fatalism. Iqbal’s perspective offers a profound philosophical and spiritual insight, challenging both traditional religious thought and modern scientific theories on time and space, such as Einstein’s Theory of Relativity and Bergson’s analysis of time. Ultimately, his philosophy remains highly relevant today, inspiring individuals and societies to embrace intellectual dynamism, creativity, and progress in place of passivity and rigid determinism.