Islamic Democracy and the Integration of Spiritual and Temporal Realms

Iqbal’s Vision for a Unified Polity

Abstract

This paper explores Iqbal’s perspective on Islam as an integrated system where the spiritual and temporal are inseparable, providing a holistic framework for governance and society. Unlike Western political models, which often separate religion from state, Iqbal asserts that Islam unites both in a single reality, aiming to establish the “Kingdom of God” on earth. The paper delves into Iqbal’s view of Islam as a complete polity or “deen,” not merely a religion but a political and ethical system aimed at actualizing spiritual ideals in worldly governance. It emphasizes Iqbal’s belief that Islam is inherently democratic, rooted in the equality of spirits, and distinct from Western democracy, which grew out of economic considerations. The study highlights the historical achievements of Islamic democracy, where the principles of justice, equality, and accountability were exemplified in the early Islamic states. Iqbal critiques the modern Muslim world, identifying two major challenges: the loss of strong, integrated personalities and the disintegration of communal solidarity. He proposes remedies, including focusing on the unity and spiritual principles of Islam, organizing into strong, independent Muslim republics, and addressing humanity’s spiritual needs. Iqbal envisions a global transformation led by Islamic values that emphasize a spiritual interpretation of the universe, individual emancipation, and universal principles to guide societal evolution. Ultimately, Iqbal’s vision calls for a return to Islam’s foundational ideals to counter materialism and achieve moral and spiritual renewal in the world.