Islam’s Cosmopolitan Vision

Historical Engagement with World Religions and the Qurʾānic Doctrine of Religious Universality

Abstract

This article explores Islam’s unique historical engagement with nearly all major world religions and its cosmopolitan, pluralistic religious perspective, which was grounded in the Qurʾānic doctrine of religious universality. Before modern times, Islam interacted directly with Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and African and Chinese religions, among others. This engagement fostered a global religious worldview that contrasted with the narrower scope of medieval European thinkers. Islam, as the third Abrahamic faith, shares theological and ethical bonds with Judaism and Christianity, acknowledging the sacred figures of both religions, including the prophets and the Virgin Mary. The article emphasizes Islam’s rejection of exclusivism, affirming that the Abrahamic traditions share common values, such as monotheism, eschatology, and ethical principles, while recognizing the differences between the religions as divinely ordained. Furthermore, the article discusses the Qurʾānic categorization of believers and non-believers, challenging simplistic interpretations of “infidels” and highlighting Islam’s inclusive understanding of faith. It also examines how modern issues, such as Christian missionary activity and the legacy of colonialism, have complicated interfaith relations. Despite the rise of fundamentalism and exclusivism in some circles, the article underscores that the majority of Muslims maintain a deep commitment to the universal vision of revelation and the plurality of prophets. This view is further supported by contemporary interest in religious pluralism and interfaith dialogue across the Islamic world, particularly in countries like Iran, Turkey, and Malaysia. Ultimately, the article argues that Islam’s relationship with other religions is characterized by a fundamental respect for shared divine truths and a recognition of religious diversity as part of God’s plan.