Existence and Essence in Sadrā’s Metaphysics

The Dynamic Reality of Being and the Principle of Tashkik

Abstract

This article explores Sadrā’s philosophy of existence, emphasizing that existence is the only true reality, while essences are merely mental constructs derived from particular modes of existence. Sadrā critiques the notion that abstract concepts can fully grasp real existence, arguing that existence is dynamic, unique, and beyond the limitations of conceptual thought. He distinguishes between essences, which are static, and existence, which is constantly evolving and manifesting in new forms. The principle of “tashkik” (systematic ambiguity) is central to Sadrā’s thought, explaining how existence is both the same in all things and yet generates unique, individual realities. Sadrā’s existential framework rejects the Peripatetic view that existence and essence are separate, and also diverges from Al-Suhrawardi, who prioritized essence over existence. Sadrā asserts that existence itself gives rise to essences, with God being pure existence without essence. He also dismisses monism, ascribing irreducible uniqueness to contingent beings, while asserting that God’s absolute simplicity transcends all multiplicity. Furthermore, the article discusses Sadrā’s idea of intrinsic movement within existence, where beings ascend towards higher forms, culminating in the perfected human (Insan-i Kamil) who bridges the contingent and the eternal.