Empirical and Intuitive Knowledge in Iqbal’s Thought
A Synthesis of Sense and Spiritual Perception
Abstract
In this article, the author examines Iqbal’s theory of knowledge, beginning with Iqbal’s assertion on Ultimate Reality, which reveals symbols both externally and internally. Iqbal attributes importance to sense-perception as a way to understand the observable aspects of reality. While he acknowledges the value of empirical knowledge, he emphasizes that it is merely a stage in humanity’s spiritual journey. Iqbal critiques modern empiricism for focusing solely on external reality and neglecting its inner, spiritual dimensions, which are accessed through intuition, or “qulb.” For Iqbal, intuition is not a mysterious faculty but another mode of engaging with reality, and its insights are as concrete as those obtained through sense-perception.
Iqbal applies Kant’s distinction between pure and practical reason but goes beyond them, asserting that true thought is dynamic and capable of reaching the Infinite. He argues that thought and intuition are interdependent, both necessary for a comprehensive understanding of reality. This synergy between reason and intuition, Iqbal believes, can lead to a fuller vision of the Ultimate Reality.
Furthermore, Iqbal advocates for a holistic approach to knowledge, combining empirical and intuitive insights. He critiques both the East and the West for their partial approaches, suggesting that only the fusion of love and intellect can provide a complete understanding of reality. Iqbal’s theory thus rejects the opposition between sense-knowledge and intuitive knowledge, proposing instead that both must work together to illuminate the truth.
In addition to sense-perception and intuition, Iqbal acknowledges history as a third source of knowledge, though he focuses more on the former two. The article concludes by highlighting Iqbal’s unique contribution to mysticism and religious philosophy, particularly his view that mystic knowledge, like other forms of knowledge, is grounded in the everyday world.
